Fast food restauran Essay Example for Free

Fast food restauran EssayFor each category I analyse I ordain show the phallic and female results in equation then summarise what I interpret from the results below. Due to the fact that there ar more females in Stotfold than there are males. The females preferences will have a larger bearing on any possible fast food restaurant to be developed. As there are unequal results from both genders I have converted my results to percentages before showing them on the graph. Visit Frequency Below is a bar chart comparing the visit frequency of male and female. I have shown the data on a bar chart because it is easier to compare. Male and female do not differ significantly as outlying(prenominal) as visit frequency is concerned. Most customers visit a fast food restaurant every two weeks, which, if there are enough customers, is able to keep a fast food business afloat. Most Important Feature The bar chart below shows what both male and female take away to be the most important fe ature of a fast food restaurant. This just confirms what the general analysis stated that if a business is to succeed its customers essential have confidence in its hygiene.The bar chart below shows a comparison between male and female fast food type preferences. The females main(prenominal) preferences are already well catered for in Stotfold. shish kebab shops are, however , hard to find in this area and are highly popular among males. If a Kebab restaurant opened in Stotfold it could target male customers, although I have noticed that it is not just younger males that enjoy kebabs as one force have expected. Cost The chart below shows what male and females expect to pay for a fast food meal for one. This chart shows that more men are prepared to pay more for their meal than women.I think this can be shown more clearly so here is another chart showing the same information but with different price categories. This shows that the majority of males expect to pay over i 4 whereas females expect to pay below. This shows the male market place is more profitable providing production and retail costs are kept to a minimum, 4) Place Information about Stotfold Stotfold is a growing town. The development of revolutionary houses in the area means that by 2004 the population will have risen by nearly 25%. The population of Stotfold in 2000 was 6680.In 2004 it is estimated that it will rise to 8180. There are also plans to develop a leisure centre in Stotfold, which may attract even more people to the area. Stotfold is on the border between Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire there are many fast food restaurants in Hertfordshire, including large franchises, which would pose a threat to small companies opening up in the area. In my research I have collected information from Bedfordshire but the well-established businesses in Hertfordshire should be taken into account when deciding to start a new company in the area.There is an area of land on the outskirts of Stotfold by the old doctors surgery. It has planning permission and there is a possibility of a Sports facility being put up there. It is on a main road so has good access and a cycle path preeminent past the area. It would be extremely expensive to develop this land but if a new Sports facility were to be opened there it may be possible to incorporate a new restaurant on the complex. Below is a map showing the location I referred to. The area is within the shaded rectangle.

Warrior Marks Essay Example for Free

Warrior label EssayHow often do we seek to distinguish betwixt the Western and non-Western cultural view? How often instead of looking deeper into neighborly, ethnographical and anthropological implications of non-Western cultural traditions, do we increase the existing gap between Western cultural appropriateness and non-Western social sharpness?It appears that ethnographic research does not always lead to cultural reconciliation, and whenever scholars try to combine professional research and commercial profit, they inevitably limit themselves to subjectivity, avoiding the near interesting and controversial social tensions and expanding the boundaries of never ending racism. Grewal and Kaplan (1996) are confident that when trying to create an objective picture of new(prenominal)ness, we are being torn between the two opposing forms of cultural representation, and this western/ non-western paradigm shapes our attitudes and predetermines our reactions to everything that go es beyond the acceptable limits of western cultural thinking. This binary structure of our cultural perceptions seems to contradict to the generally original principles of multiculturalism, and turns neo-colonial representations into the essential component of any ethnographic narrative.It should be noted, that US cultural feminism constructed an unproblematic narrative of liberation based on a universalized and essentialist identicalness as woman. This form of cultural feminism, as it has been practiced in the US and Europe from the 70s to the present, often turns its attention to global sistership (Grewal Kaplan, 1996). As a result, both Walker and Parmar seek to review the tragedy of African womanhood through the lack of sisterhood and the predominance of cruel and nigh inhumane remote traditions.Certainly, the essence of ethnography is to represent societies other than those in which we live moreover, the aim of any ethnographic research is to review the hidden implication s of otherness as opposed to modernity to which we belong (Grewal Kaplan, 1996). In this context, Walker and Parmar intentionally emphasize the role which foreignness and exoticism may play in constructing invigorated global images of other cultures.Both agree upon the need to create an atmosphere of global terror, which is expected to underline the value of womanism as well as perpetrate and intentional negligence toward women in other communities. Finally, Parmar and Walker cannot avoid integrating colonial experiences and perceptions with those generated by the vision of womanish genital surgeries in Africa, which for Walker jump out out as the signs of the so-called patriarchal wounds (Grewal Kaplan, 1996)The question is, however, how appropriate, objective, and unbiased this horrified gaze of genital surgeries in Africa is. Moreover, the work of Pramar and Walker creates rather limited ethnographic impression and seems to border on their subjective feminism. On the one ha nd, this horrified impression is the result of placing the concept of genital surgery against the background of western womens liberationist values here, genital surgeries look like the brightest representations of patriarchal otherness and the instrument of violating the basic human rights.On the other hand, this horrified gaze prevents authors from breaking the everlasting(a) binary Western / non-Western paradigm and turns into a barrier on the way toward a more objective and multicultural understanding of gender practices in other societies. The problem is that the authors erroneously apply their westernized vision to gender practices in societies, which adhere to a completely different set of values.Walker and Pramar exploit the features of a universalized female body, which makes it impossible to review the similarity between genital surgeries in Africa and the impact of liposuction, cosmetic surgeries, in vitro fertilization, and mastectomies on female body in Western societa l tradition (Grewal Kaplan, 1996). This lack of objective vision is the source of the major anthropological asymmetries, which position otherness along with the notion of unnaturalness, cruelty, and helplessness, terror, victimization, and a whole set of womens liberationist misconceptions.Unfortunately, the work of Walker and Pramar is the combination of commercialism and the search for popularity. In the pursuit for multiculturalism and ethnographic objectivity, it is not enough to create a sense of terror toward patriarchal practices in otherness, for these do not always fulfill their scientific function but on the contrary, become the source of distorted racial attitudes and bias.ReferencesGrewal, I. Kaplan, C. (1996). Warrior Marks Global womanisms neo-colonial discourse in a multicultural context. Camera Obscura, 39 (4) 5-33.

Impact Of Community Violence On Children And Adolescents Criminology Essay

Impact Of Community Violence On Children And Adolescents Criminology EssayUsing the Social Ecological Model as a framework for evaluating the make of club fierceness effects on children and template for cake and treatment programsAbstractThe effects on children of biotic union-based frenzy be consequences that raise grave concern in Jamaica and across the world. Various empirical work and reviews hand over well-documented the many negative effects. However, relations mingled with confederation madness, the individual, the environment, and child maturement do not pass in a vacuum.The impact can be understood as related to repositions in the society, communities, births, and other brotherlycontexts which children drift through, and in the psychological processes activated by thesesocial ecologies.To promote this inter-related process-oriented perspective, asocialecologicalmodelfor the effects of community military group on children is accedeed, to indicate the ne ed for prevention and intervention programs to portray up the issue of community fury from this perspective.Research questions Are the impacts of community force-out dimensionalHypothesis Impacts of community craze be dimensional and have pucker effects across all dimensions as determine in Bronfenbrenner Social Ecological ModelCommunity craze frequently refers to a wide fly the coop of events including riots, sniper attacks, torture, bombings war, ethnic cleansing, and widespread sexual, physical and emotional abuse (Logsdon, 2010).Background/ProblemLiving in chronically violent context has been a perennial chore in developed and developing countries. Community violence is recognized as a major public health problem (WHO, World Report on Violence and Health, 2000 Cooley, Lambert, Ialongo, 2003), and affects all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups, exclusively its impact falls most heavily on inadequate, urban, and minority groups, severalizeicularly youth (Bure au of Justice Statistics, 1997 Christoffel, 1990, Stein et al, 2003). very much of the empirical work done on childrens exposure to community-based violence has centeringed on implications such as the impacts, protective circumstanceors, cause for childrens resilience, mediating and moderating factors among others, all evaluated as detached dimensions.This review proposes that living in a chronically violent context has the potential to affect childrens overall quality of living. Therefore, evaluating the implications of childrens experience of living in chronically violent setting and the impact on their development need to be looked at from a multidimensional level with it all being interconnected. Notably, look that focuses on any one level underestimates the effects of other contexts (Klein et al., 1999 Rousseau House, 1994 Stokols, 1996). The purpose of this review includes mutually greater insight into this particular context of living in chronically violent settings and the provision of a template for study of the impact of childrens exposure to violence in the Caribbean and other regions of the world.Accordingly, the applicability of this approach is considered for the context of community violence in Jamaica.This review seeks to evaluate the four levels as a mode of informing prevention and intervention programs on how to tar start up community violence based on the interplay intra-context and inter-context.The Social Ecological ModelThe Social Ecological Model (SEM) allows for the integration of multiple levels and contexts to establish theoverall impact and in battle communication. (Oetzel, Ting-Toomey, Rinderle, 2006)In examining the effects of community violence, its most likely relevant to assess equally the individuals direct experience of violence as well as the certain amount of violence that is occurring in the surrounding environment, be it direct or indirectly. This distinction is analogous to Bronfenbrenners distinction between the microsystem and the exosystem (Bronfenbrenner, 1977). Direct experiences of violence ar part of the childs immediate environment (or microsystem). These direct experiences occur at heart a broader context-the exosystem-that departs a backdrop for the childs immediate experiences.Rates of violent crime in a neighborhood, for example, fork up a measure of how much violence is occurring in a community, even though the child may not be directly experiencing it himself or herself. however these more remote, ambient occurrences of violence still can exert influences on childrens development-through how they affect the availability and adequacy of resources and attendants, and how they affect the familys emotional well-being and approach to periodical life. Both direct (microsystemic) and indirect (exosystemic) experiences of community violence are important and relevant to investigate, and they each may affect childrens adaptation. It is important for researchers to be clear in sp ecifying what they are measuring so that they can be more precise in their predictions and in their conclusions.However, disdain the burgeoning of the research area, the knowledge base remains fairly diverse. It is dominated by research employing a few select measures or their revisions, several of which have yet to have their psychometric properties documented. Rather than reflecting a unite body of findings which can be used to direct policymaking and program design and implementation, the available work constitutes an increasingly complex and fragmented body of empirical findings, pull from differing assumptions and operationalizations of what constitutes community violence (Guterman et al., 2000, p. 572)Social-ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKBronfenbrenners (1979) ecological framework indicated that humans should be viewed in the context of their environment. Three of the levels within this ecology of human development are the macrosystem, exosystem, and microsystem. The broadest aspect , the macrosystem, consists of institutional patterns such as economic, social, educational, and political systems (Bronfenbrenner, 1979 Cicchetti Lynch, 1993). Bronfenbrenner defined the exosystem as a system that includes social settings, such as interactions between the neighborhood, schools, and churches, along with issues such as a lack of employment opportunities and pervasive low socioeconomic status (Cicchetti Lynch, 1993). Similarly, class status, chronic oppressiveexperiences, and exposure to violence also fit within the exosystem. The microsystem is the most proximal and directly affects a child (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). This level encompasses the complex interactions between a child and his or her family environment.To better image relations between violence and child development it is crucial to examine the effects from multiple levels of societal functioning, including community and domestic conflict and psychological processes associated with violence exposure (Feeri ck and Prinz, 2003).its engrossment in poorer areas during prepubescence and in younger adulthood (parenting age) suggests that poorer children are exposed to much more aggressive communities. This is likely to contribute to the disproportionate escalation in violence they experience during adolescence. Effective interventions to prevent such escalations are available and need to be implemented particularly in poor communities.Theoretical models need further development and testing. These models are needed for more compelling explanation on how and why exposure to violence affects child development at different levels (ie. Socially, emotionally, cognitively, neurologically). Such frameworks have the potential to better evaluate social, cultural, ethnic, and political contexts that are integral to collar the impact of violence exposure (Feerick Prinz, 2003).Contextual theory attends to the influence from non-homogeneous contexts, oddly the historical or socio-cultural climates. Ecological theory stresses the importance of various context or systems, including the Microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems and macrosystems. (internet cite)Microsystems encompass a setting that includes where we live, our family, our schools, and our neighbourhoods. Mesosystems pertains to the interactions between experiences in the Microsystems. Exosystems are experiences in another social setting that we do not have an active role in, but that have an immediate influence on us. Community violence falls within this level. However, it is clear that even though at another the interrelatedness of its influence is not detached within the system.Macrosystems generally speaking is the finale in which we live.The literature on community violence has shown that many negative out come downs are results from such exposure (Lynch, 2003, Stein, 2003 Osofsky, 1999).One suggestion for better examination of the effects of community violence is the use of longitudinal studies (Stein et. al). T he researchers explained that the use of longitudinal studies would allow examination of the effects of violence on the developmental paths of children. Bearing in brainpower that the chronicity (when, how often, and over what time frame) of violence exposure may significantly influence a childs developmental trajectory longitudinal studies are essential to better catch how early violence exposure relates to later violence exposure, symptoms development, school performance, violence perpetration, as well as other towering risk behaviours (Stein et. al, 2003). This approach would beleaguer into some levels of the systemic approach to examining the effects, but the interactions within and the influences of the macrosystem variables (poverty, lack of resources, socio-economic status, housing) are not factored here.The Context for the individual exposure grade very high (Luthar Goldstein, 2004)psychological effectsAmong the psychological correlates of childrens exposure to communi ty violence are anxiety symptoms and disorders, depressive symptoms, academic failure, and school disengagement (Boyd, Cooley, Lambert Ialongo, 2003 and Cooley-Quille, Boyd, Frantz, Walsh, 2001)DiagramThe individual/MicrosystemPTSD view traumatic stress Disorder (PTSD) is the most common psychological impact identified in the field of literature. In one study the researcher explored the relationship between exposure to chronic community violence and the development of complex PTSD that occur as a result of repeated exposure to traumas (Jones, 2007)Findings revealed despite community violence exposure was a daily part of living among the participants, formal kinship and spirituality, along with high levels of combined supports, demonstrated buffering effects on exposure to violence (Jones, 2007).Psychological effectsNot surprisingly, many studies have demonstrated that exposure to community violence can be traumatic for children. Exposure to community violence has been positively c orrelated with symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in children ranging in age from the early elementary years through adolescence (Fitzpatrick Boldizar, 1993 Horowitz, Weine, Jekel, 1995 Lynch Cicchetti, 1998a). alone forms of exposure appear to have some effect- hearing about violence in the community, attestatoring it, and being ad hominemly victimized. However, chronic exposure to community violence and personal victimization by violence in particular may be especially relevant in the development of symptomatology (Lynch Cicchetti, 1998a Terr, 1991). Victimization by community violence has been shown to predict levels of traumatic stress even when demographic variables and prior symptomatology have been controlled (Lynch Cicchetti, 1998a). In addition, victimization by community violence predicted symptoms of traumatic stress in a sample of urban children who had been maltreated by a caregiver, even after the effects of maltreatment severity wereSubstance abuse(Lync h, 2003)Behavioural problems are also linked with exposure to community violence (Stein, 2003) Among these are externalizing problems and internalizing problems.Notably, though there is a distinct association between behavioural problems and exposure to violence, the means of that association is probably bi-directional. In essence, behavioural problems are simultaneously a predictor to exposure to violence and a result of exposure (Lynch, 2003).MesosystemSimilarly, exposure to community violence has been found to be associated with a wide range of serious problems that influence almost every area of a childs life. They include internalizing and externalizing problems, substance abuse, disturbances of cognition, poor peer relationships, lowered educational outcomes, and higher rates of juvenile umpire offences (for reviews see Osofsky, Wewers, Hann, Fick, 1993 Osofsky, 1995 Lynch, 2003).Children are at high risk of for both internalizing and externalizing problems (Luthar Goldste in 2004).In the face of high community violence, positive family processes may have modest protective potential (Luthar Goldstein 2004) in addition to PTSD and more modest ones with depressive symptoms.Social apprehensionMore urban youths have been caught in gun crossfire than non-urban adolescents ( 24% vs 4% Schwarz, 1996). Reseachers have noted that low income communities are likely have higher rates of community violence with inner-city children at higher risk of being exposed to criminal offences (Jipguep Sanders-Phillips, ) Robbery was an almost universal experience affecting children from all schools and socio-economic groups (Samms-Vaughan, Jackson, Ashley, 200). The researchers explained that the high level of community violence in Jamaica is likely to expose Jamaican children to violence. Their study reported that a quarter of the children who completed given questionnaires had witnessed severe acts of physical violence such as looting, shooting and gang wars, a fifth had been victims of serious threats or robbery and one in every twelve had been stabbed. The researchers recommended that intervention strategies to reduce childrens exposure to violence should include community education on the impact of exposure to violence on children, and the development of a range of school-based violence prevention programmes (Samms-Vaughan et al, 2005). This suggestion clearly tracts an ecological approach and valuing the relevance of the exosystem.Relationships/MesosystemAmong families living in conditions of poverty, positive parenting, encompassing high monitoring, support and cohesiveness, can help children nourish adequate levels of adjustment, but even the best of families will be limited in shielding their children when living in neighbourhoods where violence is a constant fact of life (Luthar Goldstein, 2004) This streng thens the point of the need for impacts of community violence not be evaluated in a piecemeal fashion, but as a cohesive unit of measurement system. For interventions the findings underscore the need to control violence in communities with efforts at both national policy and community levels addressing issues such as good control, neighbourhood, cohesiveness, communities and safety in schools (Luthar Goldstein, 2004) in essence a systemic approach.According to Pottinger, Many children exposed to chronic violence in their community are also beaten on a regular basis at home and school. Feelings of unworthiness, inferiority and low self-esteem were prevalent reports along with expressions of depression. Girls who were shunned or isolated from their peers and boys who were sexually abused were likely to report depression.Low self-esteem, identified more in our boys, may be reflecting the disenfranchisement of some children, as they learn from early that they are not worthy of being protected from violence. These students may then progress to delinquent and aggressive behaviours during their adolescent years, Po ttinger said.Vignette from Crawfords bookPeer RelationsExsosystemRepeated general population studies would allow us to better understand how childrens exposure to violence is changing overtime (Stein et. al, 2003). The question here would be are community violence types different now. A clear answer would come from looking at the overall dynamics of interactions within each levels of the SEM. To reiterate, contextual factors are important in determining the impact of violence exposure on children (Stein et. al, 2003). This could be used to better inform violence prevention programmes for both schools and community, and to move the research field toward better science around the interplay between violence exposure, emotional and behavioural outcomes, the impact of prevention and intervention programmes, and needed changes in public policy (Stein et. al, 2003).Educational OutcomesAlso reiterated are the impacts of community violence on education and leisure activities . When children experience violence at concentrated levels, in so many doses, and from so many directions, they are affected holistically- emotionally, psychologically and cognitively. This spatial relation undermines their ability to be educated as well as access to education that is available (Crawford-Browne, 2010). It is common that children would miss school because community violence preventing them from doing so/ as a result of violence in communities children are often prevented from going to school or attending other leisure activities such as camp or after school programmes.According to Gayle, United Nations research shows a direct correlation between spending on education and levels of crime.In the Caribbean, Barbados has the lowest violence and highest education. Haiti has the highest crime and the lowest education. One of the strategies to get people to participate less in crime is to educate them. Education leads to character building. At the same time, loss of revenue caused by crim e means that less can be used on education, Gayle said.Pauletta Chevannes, a lecturer in the segment of Education, University of the West Indies, noting that crime continues to impact greatly on the education system, insists that only with wider social change can the problem be solved.This wider change reiterates the argument of this penning that implementations has to consider the wider levels of the socio-ecological model.microcosmThe school is a microcosm of the society and a lot of the violence experienced in these schools is directly related to what is happening in society.Juvenile justice outcomesWhile risk of exposure to violence is higher among poor, densely populated urban areas, it is not restricted to this group. In addition, the effects of exposure to community violence on health and functioning are vast, particularly in vulnerable populations. Exposure to community violence was strongly related to PTSD, for both victim and witness had adverse mental health outcomes (F owler, Tompsett, Braciszewski, Jacques-Tiura, Bates, 2009). Personal and family contextual factors may protect an individual from the adverse impact of exposure to community violence (Gorma-Smith, Henry, Tolan, 2004)Exposure to community violence does not occur in isolation. Further research needs to be conducted on social, environmental and contextual factors that protect vulnerable populations, such as women, adolescents and children from adverse outcomes related to violence (Aisenberg Herrenkohl, 2008).Despite these tremendous stressors, some children appear to be less affected than others (Barbarin, 1993 Barbarin, Richter, deWet, 2001). Coping mechanisms enmeshed in family and peer support are protective factors (Jones, 2007).MacrosystemMany children and adolescents in America continue to be exposed to many types of community violence. Some factors such as sex, age, race and socioeconomic status are associated with higher rates of exposure. Community violence affects childre n from all backgrounds and communities (Stein, Jaycox, Kataoka, Rhodes, Vestal, 2003).The whole system is interrelated. Multiple risk factors such as poverty, overcrowding, inadequate medical exam care, scarcity of community resources, and parental problem all contribute to the strain within the exo-system within the context of development.It is important to examine the take exceptions victims and perpetrators may have. However, to widen understanding of effects of chronic violence on children focus need also be place on the ripple effects of the psychological impacts on children who are affected indirectly (Osofsky, 1999).From a prevention and intervention the most significant implication drawn from the body of literature is that in prevention efforts, the primary focus must be on the environment rather than the individuals experiencing the violence (Gorman-Smith et. al, 2003 and Luthar Goldstein 2004)However both environment and individual factors need to be focused on in tan dem as both are equally important in dealing with the crux of the matter in making informed and balanced interventions. The highest recommendation is the prevention of community violence (Luthar Goldstein, 2004). Targeting the issue of community violence as a whole from an ecological model perspective is the more probable successful substance to tap every domain that influence its pervasiveness.UNICEFs office in Jamaica estimates that violence costs the country over US$236 million or JA$15 billion annually.IN LOCAL communities affected most by violence, economic and social activities have been considerably reduced. Schools are underpopulated and when there is a flare-up of violence businesses, as well as schools close, the Statistical Institute of Jamaica (STATIN) stated in a 2007 report on violence and its costs.Audrey Pottinger, a consultant clinical psychologist at the Department of Child Guidance attached to the University of the West Indies said that the most frequent and tr aumatizing experiences students have are cruel tea-sing or verbal humiliation, followed by robbery and physical attack. She was making reference to a recent study done with a sample of more than 200 students from primary and secondary schools.Meanwhile, Dr Herbert Gayle, University of the West Indies-based anthropologist who produced the recent study on early training of males in criminal behaviour, suggested that the Government should invest more in education as one means of minify crime. (Jamaicas Burden of crime, 2009).The consequences of community violence interrelatedness and broad propensity cannot be overemphasized. Consequences of not providing the necessary preventative, ameliorative or rehabilitative services will put additional strain on Jamaicas economy in terms of Jamaican dollars needed. Apart from the negative emotional health impact on the nation, the quality of life of the citizens will remain at continued risk (Crwaford-Browne, 2010).Macro implications of the imp act of violence are insidious. Children develop dysfunctional interpersonal patterns in their relationships as it relates to violence and understanding their world.Psychological impacts through overexposure and trauma is difficult to quantify and this presents far-reaching limitations. Evaluating the system as a whole from the ecological model perspective ease this challenge as factors from the varying levels of the model can be targeted to cushion insidious effects of community violence.RecommendationsFeerick and Prinz posited that specific issues for research issues in relation to community violence need to be probed (2003). Suggested issues include consequences of co-occurring risk factors, mediators, moderators and mechanisms. The premise of this review cautions this specific issues approach from the perspective that issues should not be investigated in a detached fashion, but rather enmeshed.Violence PreventionThere are individual and community approaches to violence prevention (World Health Organization, 2002). On an individual level, public health government should encourage healthy behaviours that do not include violence as well as educating individuals in order to persuade them to change violent behaviours. In the community there are many opportunities to raise public awareness and stem community violence. Advocating for policy changes that address larger environmental issues (See Logsdon, 2010). Only with change that address the issue of community violence from the dimensions of the socio-ecological model- in making informed planning and implementing with regard to prevention and intervention programming.Summary/ConclusionThis paper seeks to provide an overview of the current literature regarding effects exposure to community violence on children in systemic framework, and to identify the interrelatedness of the impacts at all levels on the social ecological model. In addition, recommendations are made that prevention and intervention programs use t his systemic approach to better address and curtail the impacts of community violence.Violence in its various forms have been taking a heavy toll on the physical, emotional and mental health of Jamaican children, who exhibit symptoms of depression, PSTSD, aggressive impulsive behaviour, difficulty concentrating, bedwetting, and attachment problems. It is important to note that many of these symptoms exist within the context of unstable familial environments and are factors that are associated with aggressive and delinquent behaviours (Samms-Vaughan, 2005), further fuelling our present endemic of violence (Crawford-Browne, 2010).Poor quality of life and marginalization are some social impact of chronic violence exposure (Crawford-Browne, 2010). The researcher expounded that children get caught in the symbolic net of the different forms of violence which interact with each other with gruesome consequences. In explaining further, it is noted that the different types of violence emanat es and ricochet from the various systems that interface and intercedes. The impact from a systemic level is quite distinct here. Clear it is that the childs experience here at all levels, the home, family, communities and society are impacted (Crawford-Browne, 2010).Peer RelationsCommunity violence as daily variable offers negative role models that place of the government and community-building organizations (Crawford-Browne, 2010). Role models as such are the perennial figures of a Community Don or notorious gang leader. These negative role models act as agent of socialization.Hypthesis.

Mining Industry Composite Performance Framework

Mining Industry Composite Performance FrameworkThe physical object of this interrogation dissertation is to provide employful and well- inquiryed entropy as well as a substantial volume of heuristic rule information to develop a framework that give assist change managers to effectively apply and implement change in the mining and related industries.Chapter 2 introduces the research framework, research assumptions and the use and justification of case study mannerologies.5.2 Research framework.This chapter will state the research assumptions and the methodologies used in this research. Case studies as a methodology will be considered and justified.This research has embraced a qualitative phenomenological paradigm or an approach that concentrates on the study of consciousness and the objects of direct experience. This was undertaken by using case studies together with this researchers heuristic experience.Ontology is the philosophical field around (the study of) the nature of rea lity (all that is or exists, the reality), and the different entities and categories deep down reality.Epistemology is the philosophical field around (the study of) knowledge and how to pretend it. One might say that it includes the ontology of knowledge.The difference between oncology and epistemology is that ontology is what reality actually is, whilst epistemology is what we perceive and describe reality to be.By making use of case studies some(prenominal) the ontological as well as the epistemological assumptions be fulfilled.It is the experience of this researcher that by having an articulated vision for change, team members can prepare themselves for pass judgment the change as well as understanding and accepting their involvement and contribution to future change. Well-managed change is the continuum to success. The new direction and vision must be defined in clear concise terms, to allow everyone concerned to be able to accept and even look forward to the change. All le vels within the nerve should use up an input relevant to their experience this creates a sense of ownership. In fact, all employees should be encouraged to provide their input.The two paradigms generally used for research are quantitative and qualitative research. The available lit on change oversight relating to the mining and associated industries is limited. Qualitative research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to infer an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. The quantitative research was not deemed suitable for this research because statistical measuring stick of outcomes were not deemed suitable, since the only measure would have been fiscal in nature and not suitable for publication. Qualitative research is also used to reveal trends in thought and opinions, and delve deeper into the problem. Qualitative data collection methods vary using unstructured or semi-structured techniques. Some common methods include teams (team information dissemination meetings), somebody interviews, and observations.This researcher has used qualitative data for the case studies in order to demonstrate a practical clear and unbiased approach to implementing change management into the mining industry.Quantitative research is used to valuate the problem by way of generating data that can be transformed into useable statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviours, and former(a) defined variables and generalise results from a larger sample population. Quantitative Research uses measurable data to formulate facts and uncover patterns in research.The first snap off of this section provides an overview of the case study methodology, and this is followed by a justification for the use of the case studies as the research method for this research.Case study research brings us to an understanding of a complex issue or range of issues and can add substance to what is already known through previous research. For some years, researchers have made use of the case study research method, across a variety of disciplines. Scientists, have made wide use of this qualitative research method to examine current real-life circumstances and provide the basis for the claim of ideas and extension of methods. The well-known researcher Robert K. Yin defines the case study research method as an observational inquiry that check outs a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident and in which multiple sources of evidence are used (Yin, 1984, p. 23).Case study research, through reports of past studies, or even diary notes as is the case in this dissertation, demonstrates the identification, resolution and implementation of solutions to problems and issues. It can be a reliable research methodology if utilised correctly. A rea son for the acceptance of case study as a research method, is that researchers in general, were nice more anxious about the confines of quantitative methods in providing holistic and in-depth explanations of the social and behavioural problems in question. By using case study methods, a researcher is able to go beyond the quantitative statistical results and understand the behavioural conditions. By including both quantitative and qualitative data, the case study will help to explain both the process and outcome of a phenomenon through complete observation, reconstruction and analysis of the cases under investigation (Tellis, 1997). Past literature reveals the screening of the case study method in many another(prenominal) areas and disciplines. Among them include natural examples in the fields of Sociology (Grassel Schirmer, 2006), law (Lovell, 2006) and medicine (Taylor Berridge, 2006). There are also other areas that have used case study methods widely, particularly in govern ment, management and in education. As an example, there were studies conducted to determine whether specific government programmes were efficient or whether the goals of a particular programme were reached.In many cases, a case study method selects a small geographical area or a very limited number of individuals as the subjects of study. Case studies, in their true essence, explore and case study as a research method to investigate contemporary real-life situation through detailed relative analysis. Yin (198423) defines the case study research method as an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident and in which multiple sources of evidence are used. Case studies observe the specific data at the minute stages.In this research, the researcher has consulted to numerous mining companies whilst implementing change within their organisations. During these projects th is researcher kept diary notes for future reference. Strategies were used that were successful in previous projects that were similar, and the culmination of the total of these is what gave rise to the CPF. Where implementation of an objective did not go according to plan, the execution methodologies were reworked to suit the particular needs of that company.The research see is more than a work standard plan. The main purpose of the design is to help to avoid the situation in which the evidence does not address the initial research questions. In this sense, a research design deals with a logical problem and not a logistical problem. As a simple example, retrieve you want to study a single organisation. The research questions, however, have to do with the mining organisations relationships with other organisations or divisions as well as their competitive or collaborative nature.Only three cases studies were adopted for this dissertation in order to show that the CPF can work in va ried environments, in different countries with success. In these case studies a sample of mining operations were taken from a broad spectrum of mines, countries and stages of development as detailed in section 5.6.The objective of this research is to identify issues within the greater mining industry and then offer plausible and workable solutions to implementing change in the industry that will be sustainable, and press forward productivity in the process. Much of the solutions are derived from this researchers own experience in implementing change in mining companies.There is a gap in the literature with regard to what has been researched in this dissertation, and this dissertation will partially fill that gap.This researcher is of the considered opinion that the Composite Performance Framework which he developed over many years is far more suited and adaptable to the mining industry. It is correct to assume that the Kotter 8 step process will work well in many situations, as can be seen above.ReferencesKotter, J. (1996). Leading Change. Kindle Edition. Retrieved from http//Amazon.comLarkin, DJ. Larkin S. (2006). 3rd edn. Communicating big change. Larkin communication consulting.Larkin, DJ. Larkin S. (Unspecified date). Communicating change to employees, Sponsored by the Australian human resources initiateLarkin, DJ. (Dr.) Larkin S.(2006) Communicating Big Change. Larkin Communication Consulting. 3rd Edn.Wood, I. Maxwell, J.M. 2006. 22. John Wiley Sons. Australia. 1st AustrWood, Zeffane, Fromholtz, Fitzgerald, Schermerhorn, JR. Hunt, JG. Osborn, RN. (2006). Organisational behaviour core concepts applications. John Wiley sons. Australia.Yin, R.K. (1984). Case study research Design and methods. Newbury Park, CA Sage.Tellis, Winston, (1997). Introduction to Case Study. The Qualitative Report, Volume 3, Number 2, July. (http//www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR3-2/tellis1.html).Lovell, G.I., (2006). Justice Excused The Deployment Of Law In Everyday Political Encou nters. Law Society Review, 40 (2) 283-324 June.

Breast Cancer And Breast Self Examination

Breast Cancer And Breast Self ExaminationBreast genus Cancer is a major killer disease of women both globally and regionally. It is the most common genus Cancer among women, and the second ca handling of deaths among women worldwide (World Health Organization WHO, 2010). The incidence of titty cancer in women remains gritty. It is estimated that 1,000,000 women civilizes dummy cancer each year and Approximately 519,000 women deaths are related to tonicity cancer (WHO, 2010 McPherson, Steel, Dixon, 2000). jibe to Manning-Walsh (2004) white meat cancer incidence has increased and it is alarming for women involveing all old come alongs. As a result, interpersonal kinships much(prenominal) as marital or sexual relationship are negatively affected. Stephen (2009) described summit cancer as a malignant (cancerous) growth that begins in the tissues of the breast, cancer is a disease in which unnatural cells grow in an uncontrolled look (p.1). Moreoer on that point is no kn own cause for breast cancer but there are take come ups factors that are closely linked to turn bug outment and progression of breast cancer. Breast cancer is classified into four st suppurates. According to The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) revise the four st seasons are based on tumor size, the degree of lymph node involvement, the presence of inflammatory signs, and evidence of metastasis (Singletary at el. 2002). Stage (I) breast cancer involves primarily small tumors (less than or equal to 2 cm) with no known lymph node involvement and no metastases to other organs, in Egypt few women pose at this stage. stage (II) breast cancers are characterized by either slightly larger primary tumor than stage (I) (between 2 and 5 cm) or if there is lymph node involvement. stage (III) harps of large tumors (greater than 5 cm) with signs of inflammatory breast cancer, excessively if ipsilateral nodes are involved where the tumor has caused the node to be fixed to other no de or to other structures it is designated stage (III), gamy percent of women present in this stage which treatment option are extra. Stage 4 style any metastatic breast cancer no matter what size the tumor or if there is nodal involvement or non. If it is metastatic, it is stage (IV), in familiar stage (IV) is non considered curable (Singletary at el. 2002). The occurrence of breast cancer creates psychosocial stress for both the patient and her family, due to threat to the patients life and other consequences of breast cancer such as metastasis to other body organs and parts. In addition studies have awardn that middle elder women (40-60) are most likely to develop breast cancer, and most patients with breast cancer present for the first time at stages two and three (Khatib, Modjtabai, 2006). Breast cancer has high incidence among women during tillable period and has make on financial as breast cancer treatment is in truth costly.Breast cancer account for 37% of all typ esetters cases of cancer globally, moreover incidence of breast cancer varies from one country to a nonher (WHO, 2010). In United State of America (USA) around 20 women depart develop breast cancer each hour, moreover and around 5 women ordain die with breast cancer each hour (Lancaster, 2005). Studies have established that the station of breast cancer is highest in USA and Canada, one out of nine women are expected to develop breast cancer and it is most common among women age 47-73 years old, leading to epidemic proportions in USA and Canada (McPherson, Steel Dixon, 2000 George, 2000 Naeem at el., 2008). 182,460 cases developed breast cancer in USA in 2008 (Jemal at el., 2008).regional OverviewBreast cancer incidence in developing country is high almost as high as in developed countries. One out of nine Pakistani women are expected to developed breast cancer (50 per 100,000), which is high compared to Indian women (19 per 100,000) (Kumar, Imam, Manzoor, Masood, 2009). In Iran , one of the Arabic Country, in 2005 prevalence of breast cancer among women was (22 per 100,000) (Tavafian, Hasani, Aghamolaei, Zareand, Gregory, 2009). Breast cancer is a major health alarms for many countries in the Mediterranean Region such as Bahrain represents 38.4% of all female cancers and in Jordan its represents 28% of all female cancers (Khatib, Modjtabai, 2006 Center for Arab Genomic Studies, 2003).Likewise, breast cancer is the most common cancer among Egyptian women. According to the Egypt National Cancer Institute (NCI) in Egypt, breast cancer represents 18.9% of all cancers cases (35.1% in women and 2.2 % in men) (Omar, et al. 2003). Incidence of breast cancer is non different comparing with other countries which represented (24 per100, 000) and mortality vagabond related to breast cancer is 9.3% of all cancers (Seif, Aziz, 2000). According to Khatib and Modjtabai (2006) Egyptian women chthonian the age of 50 are more likely to develop breast cancer, where women aged 50 years and older are the most comm hardly affected group. In Egypt breast cancer is usually detected at late stages (around 60% of cases detected in third stage of breast cancer), when treatment options are limited therefore breast cancer is high fetal (Bender et al. 2005 Ibrahim at el., 2010).In Aswan, breast cancer is most frequent cancer among both males and females (Ibrahim at el. 2010). Moreover it is presents 63.9% of all cancer cases among Aswan females, and most women aged (40-59) are the most commonly affected group. According to Ibrahim at el. (2010) after the age of 20 years, breast cancer became the most frequent cancer with a peak in the age group 40-59 years (p.72). In addition most cases are diagnosed in late stages only 3.1% cases are diagnosed in first stage, on the other decease around 96.2% of breast cancer cases are diagnosed in second and third stage when treatment options are limited making breast cancer is high fetal. As a result it is important to empathize Aswan females sense about breast self interrogative and aboriginal detecting of breast cancer. Moreover the high incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer, as well as the high cost of treatment and limited resources available, require that it should continue to be a focus of attention for health manage toleraters. The benefits of fighting breast cancer, including the positive impact that early detection and binding can have, need to be cautiously addressed.Early detectionThe early detection of breast cancer is the most important and beneficial area of protection techniques. Diagnosis of breast cancer during the early stages of disease has been positively linked to a decrease in the mortality and morbidity of the illness (Budden, 1998 fair-haired(a) 1990 Mele, Archer, Pusch, 2005). Early detection of breast cancer is very important to decrease the morbidity and mortality of breast cancer outcome mammography and breast self trial run have been used as strate gies for this object (Budden, 1998 Gray 1990 Mele, Archer, Pusch, 2005). Moreover there are a number of approaches to the screening of breast cancer such as Breast self-examination (BSE), clinical breast examination and mammography (Khatib, Modjtabai, 2006). (I) BSE is effective, cheap and less painful however, it is dependent on knowledge, attitude towards BSE put among women. (II) Clinical breast examination is one of the primary modes of screening for breast cancer. Its effectiveness is dependent upon the skills of the health care providers and the facilities available. (III) Mammography is known to reduce breast cancer mortality among women, but its benefits are dependent upon several factors such as the equipment used, the skills of the technician and it is expensive as well (Khatib, Modjtabai, 2006 Budden, 1998 Gray 1990 Mele, Archer, Pusch, 2005).Breast Self examinationBSE should be preformed every month starting at age 20 (ACS, 2009). The purpose of BSE is for a woman to learn the natural features of her breast, know how her breasts normally feel, thus easier for her to order and report any new changes to the physician. (Gray, 1990 Highton, 2002). thither is strong evidence that BSE can reduce mortality from breast cancer, around 90% of breast cancer are detected by BSE. (Smith, 2002 Wilson Ayers, 2007). provided the studies showed that BSE dedicate is very low. in that respectfore women should be aware of BSE tool. Consequently there seems to be general agreement on the importance to put women with BSE knowledge and skill to promote BSE practice. Several studies have shown that there is a gap in knowledge about BSE and practice among women. (Al Qattan, Alsaleh, Al Musallam, Masoud, 2008 Alkhasawneh, Akhu-Zaheya, Suleiman, 2009 Wilson Ayers, 2007).George (2000) the barrier to breast cancer screening could be classified to personal, primary care provider or demographic barriers, personal barriers included attitude and lack of information. At caregiver level, the assumption is lack of knowledge, skills, attitude, and consistency. For demographic it could be related to age, education level or culture. A fear of detecting any lump is also considered one of breast cancer screening barrier. The WHO (2010) suggested that to decrease the incidence of breast cancer in developing countries, breast cancer screening programs should be emphasized. The way this phenomenon is perceived by women influenced by many factors such as womens socio cultural beliefs, values, geographical environment, personal knowledge and so on. Women face many challenges in sylvan areas which may affect their quality of life. To enhance the quality of life of middle age women in rural areas, it is important to have in depth intellectual about their BSE perception.Breast self examination practiceKnowledge and practice rate of BSE is varies from one country to another. According to Coleman (1991) around 96% of the American women had heard about BSE, howeve r only 19-40% of them practice BSE every month. In the other hand 37% of the Kuwaiti women are practice BSE (Al Qattan, Al Saleh, Al Musallam Masoud, 2008). In literature review only two studies were founded that were conducted in Egypt about BSE one was on Evaluation of effect of breast self examination training program on knowledge, attitude and practice (Seif Aziz, 2000 p. 105), among 122 worker women in Ain Shams University- Lower Egypt. The result showed that around 25% of the participants have knowledge about breast cancer and BSE, however only 10.6% and 11.5% of the total ingest practiced BSE. In addition the participant asserted that caregiver teams have an important role to provide the knowledge, skills and practice about BSE (Seif Aziz). The second education is Breast self-examination practice and its impact on breast cancer diagnosis in Alexandria, Egypt (Abdel-Fattah, Zaki, Bassili, El-Shazly, Tognoni, 2000, p.34). The result showed that 10. 4% of breast cancer pat ient practiced BSE after being diagnosed with breast cancer as withdraw was focused on breast cancer patients, to monitor for spread of the cancer to the unaffected breast (Abdel-Fattah, Zaki, Bassili, El-Shazly, Tognoni, 2000).The gap in the two finding, (I) they focused only on percentage of knowledge and practice of BSE. (II) Both studies recommended follow up for studies to assess BSE knowledge and positive attitude and level of practice among women. (III) There is BSE negative attitude among women (72.1%) without explain the reasons. (IV) Both studies show the importance of attitude and perception of women related to BSE practice. Limitations of the two studies as one print in 2000 and the other one in 2003 and both are numerical research. Usually people life style knowledge, attitude and behavior changes can be meaningfully captured through qualitative studies. In addition this info could be too old and no longer valid. Most of the studies on this subject were quantitativ e, and were knowing to describe the demographic variables associated with BSE practice, increase the compliance or proficiency of women, or label it as a screening technique. However there were recommendations for upgrade studies to search women beliefs and attitude about BSE.The purposeThe purpose of this contemplate is to understand the perception of BSE among middle age women, and explore barriers to practice of BSE among Egyptian women. Furthermore, it go away help identify knowledge, skills and practice gaps and recommend strategies to address the gap in BSE.Research QuestionWhat is the perception related to knowledge, attitude and practices of middle age women regarding breast self examination in rural areas of Aswan, Egypt?Research objectiveTo explore the perception of middle age women related to breast self examination (BSE).To understand Egyptian womens experience about BSE.To assess BSE knowledge and its sources among middle age women.To assess if nurses teach women in community about BSE.To evaluate whether women practice BSE in rural areas.Significance of Proposed Study to NursingIncidence of breast cancer has increased and it seems that it ordain continue to rise, as predicted by scientists, physicians and previous studies. To decrease breast cancer morbidity and mortality rate, early detection is important. BSE is an important tool and should be practice to help in early diagnosis breast cancer. This study lead enable tec to understand perception of BSE among middle age women. Nurses who are working in the hospital or other health institute should be aware of breast cancers knowledge, altitude and practice among women. Hence, help them in early detection and intervention. In addition the findings of this study volition enhance awareness among health professionals about BSE perception related to knowledge, practice and attitude among women. It also pull up stakes provide need to image intervention program about aware of breast cancers e arly detection knowledge, altitude and practice. As patient education is an integral role of nursing role. (Saarmann, Daugherty Riegel, 2002). So those who are working in different areas in different status, nurses, health workers, lady health visitor and nurse practitioner should be able to provide health education according to their socio-cultural and arrange sessions on sharing the women experience, perception of BSE and guide in understanding early detection techniques. Moreover can expand the research and may help other in further research if they want to search more information on BSE in relation to specific aspects such as cultural and religion.CHAPTER THREEMethodologyStudy DesignQualitative descriptive- searching design will be used for this study. This design is selected science, little is known about BSE experience among women, as the majority of studies carried out on womens knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and practices related to BSE have been quantitative (Kearney, 200 6). Which are chiefly designed to describe the demographic variables associated with its practice, increase the compliance or proficiency of women, or evaluate it as a screening technique. According to Polit and Beck (2008) qualitative approach is conducting the study within naturalistic pattern. A qualitative method deals with experiences of human being in real life by exploring it directly. It helps to understand the phenomenon in- deeply, by giving rich and most appropriate information. In addition according to Pope and Mays (1995) suggested that qualitative research helps to understand complex behaviors and attitude. The purpose of exploratory study is to examine a specific concept about which little is known (Burns and Grove, 2007). It emphasizes on identification of factors related to a phenomenon of interest. As this study aims to explore perception related to BES Knowledge, attitude and practice of middle age women in Egypt, therefore, a qualitative exploratory descriptive d esign is best suited to this study.The purposeThe purpose of this study is to understand the perceptionrelated to knowledage , attitude and practice of BSE among middle age women, and explore barriers to practice BSE among Egyptian women. Furthermore, it will help identify knowledge, skills and practice gaps and recommend strategies to address the gap in BSE.Research QuestionWhat is the perception related to knowledge, attitude and practices of middle age women regarding Breast self examination in rural areas of Aswan, Egypt?Study Setting and PopulationHealth care clinics in rural areas in Aswan- Egypt will be selected as setting for recruiting participant. The study population would be middle aged (40-60 years) women, coming to the health care clinics. The target population will be all the middle age women who will meet the following inclusion criteria (I) aged women between 40-60 years. (II) the women who have not been diagnosed with breast cancer. (III) They are living in rural a rea. (IV) They can speak Arabic or English. (V) They are willing to participate in the study and use audiotape. Women will be excluded if they have any mental illness, as this may affect their judgment, or are not willing to participate in the study.Study Sample and SizeThe sampling method would be used is purposive sample. This type of sampling is often use by qualitative police detective because the aim is to contact participants who can give in-depth, rich information about the study phenomenon (Polit Beck, 2008). The study samples comprise of 8-12 women who are in middle age or to the point at which data saturation is achieved.Participants RecruitmentHealth care clinics director, physicians and nurses will be met and discuss about the study and request them to identify potential participants. The women who will come to the health care clinic and who meet the inclusion criteria for the study, nurses will give them invitation and take on letter. The women who will be willing to participate will be asked for informed indite and oral concur. Then discuss and agree on the date, time and venue of one to one interview according to the womans convenience. The interview will be held in noise step down setting either at health care clinic or at participants house/ convenient place.Data CollectionPolit and Beck (2008) Polit study help to assess adequacy of the study and quality of instruments (p. 214). Prior to collecting the data, the pilot burner testing of interview guide would be done on 1-2 middle age women who would be coming to the health care clinic of Aswan, Egypt, after taking the participants take over. The objectives of Polit study to evaluate the understanding of the equipage structure questions, to assess the comfort level of the women, to identify the amount of time required by the participants and to determine the time of the day that suits best for the interview to be conducted. The data collected from pilot testing will be used as part of the data collection.Data will be collected from April 2011 to June 2011 in Aswan, Egypt. For this study, the data will be collected using semi structured questions to guide an in-depth interview. The time for interview is approximately 50-70 minutes. mortal interview will help to explore individual perception in detail and while maintaining confidentially. It is assumed that the participants may feel more comfortable and free while expressing and sharing their experiences in cover. Audiotape will be used to record the interview. Notes will be taken for observation made onthings might be relevant to the study, such as participants non verbal communication (facial expressions, posture and other body language). At the end of the session the data will be verified/ cover checked with participants for clarity consistency. After audio taping the interview, the data would be transcribed and will be checked for matching.Interview ProcessThe written consent will be taken from the participa nts prior to the interview. Interview will be conducted in Arabic as it is participants ease so the data will be understood well and bias would be reduced in this way. Probes would be used to explore more information and will provide direction to the participant. champaign notes will be taken observation would be noted such as non verbal communication of the patient. Does the non verbal and verbal communication matches or not and observation related to the environment that provides and clue related to the data or experience. The data abbreviation will be proceeded by guidelines (unrau coleman, 1997) (a) the transcribed interview of the participants will be edictd for analyzing data, (b) identifying emerging themes in the data, (c) labeling the themes with significant cypher words, (d) codes will be clustered and labeled using broader themes and sub themes throughout analytic process, (e) the thematic strands will be weaved together into an integrated picture of phenomena under i nvestigation. Data analysis will be carried out manually. The researcher will read the data over and over in search of meaning and deeper understanding, carefully reading the interviews to obtain a general sense of the experience.Data Analysis PlanData analysis in qualitative research is actually begins when data collection begins (Polit Beck, 2008) therefore, the researcher will start analyzing the data after taking the first interview. The qualitative data analysis involves four cognitive processes comprehension- identifying the themes synthesis- merging of the themes to make a composite pattern theorizing- connecting the findings with the larger body of knowledge re- circumstanceualization- applying the findings to other setting or the context in which the findings fit (Morse, 1994). Therefore, these processes will be applied to the data analysis of this study. (a) for analyzing data, the transcribed interview will be coded (b) identifying emerging themes in the data, (c) labeli ng the themes with significant code words, (d) codes will be clustered and labeled using broader themes and sub themes throughout analytic process, (e) the thematic strands will be weaved together into an integrated picture of phenomena under investigation.Data analysis will be carried out manually. The researcher will read the data over and over in search of meaning and deeper understanding, carefully reading the interviews to obtain a general sense of the experience. According to Morse and Field (2005), gathering the responses according to the question is a significant procedure for semi structured interviews. Therefore, the researcher will read the transcripts and gather the responses to each question in a separate file. The gathered responses to each question will be organized in a text that will have three columns. The centre column will contain the participants responses, the left column will show the coding and the right column will include my comments and thoughts concerning the text. The qualitative issue analysis will be used as analytic method, while for content analysis the form which is referred by Morse and Field (1995) will be utilized. The form divided into manifest and latent content analysis. In manifest analysis, the researcher search for specific words, phrases or ideas used in the content of interview. In latent analysis, the researcher search for the underlying meaning of the message showed in the text. The latent content analysis has greater validity than manifest analysis as it permits for the coding of the meaning and not just the words of the participants (Morse Field, 1995). Therefore, the researcher will use both analysis methods. For coding, the researcher will reread the text and underline words or phrases and will copy them into the left hand column of the document. At the same time, the researcher also aggregate codes into relevant categories in a separate document. Pseudonyms and identification number to each individual text will be given.The pseudonyms will help to imagine the respondent and to make sense of it, whereas, identification number will facilitate to identify patterns during coding and categorization exercises. The codes with each crime syndicate will be identified from its origin through identification number. The short form of category will also be assign to a code as well. Each category will be compared and contrast that may help to create sub categories. After sorting the major categories into smaller ones, the researcher will look for atypical and representative cases that will help to explain the significant experience found in the research. The researcher will also look for the relationships among categories to find common themes. The researcher will also refer to the notes that have non verbal expressions of the participants and her own feelings in the analysis process. The researcher will be involving the committal members and supervisor throughout the analysis process.Ethical Con siderationsThe proposal will be sent to the Universitys Ethical review committee (ERC) which will give a written permission for the study. Informed consent and Permission will be obtained from Aswan Directors of Health. The principle of autonomy will be followed which means that Participants will be approached to consent for instinctive participation. Complete information about the study will be provided to the participants. The participant will be informed about the study purpose, risks and benefits of participating. Participants will be approached to consent for voluntary participation and will have freedom to choose or to terminate their participation at any time during the study. No potential personal or psychological harm is expected. Those willing to participate will sign a consent form and a copy of the consent form will be provided to the participants. Confidentiality refers to the researchers assurance to the participants that the shared information will not be publicized (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2002). Thus, confidentiality in this study will be maintained by not sharing the participants data with any other participant and will be observed throughout the study. Anonymity and confidentially is the key principle to maintain privacy (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2002). The participants identity will not be revealed in the study. Codes will be used instead of the name. The researcher will assure the participants of their confidentiality. The data will not be utilized for any other purpose, there being aneed for secondary analysis of the data permission will be obtained from relevant bodies. This study will help middle age women to verbalize their perceptions, feelings and experience about BSE. Women might get emotionally upset in the process of sharing their experience. In these instances decease would be provided during the interview. The researcher will answer all the participants queries in order to provide complete information regarding the study to easy t ension and promte comfort.Rigortrustworthiness is the term used in the qualitative research to show rigor (Poilt and Beck, 2008). In this study the rigor will be maintained throughout by utilizing capital of Nebraska and Guba (1985) guidelines. Lincoln and Guba identified four criteria for maintaining trustworthiness of a qualitative research (i) credibility, or (Truth value), (ii) dependability, reliability or Auditability, (iii) confirmability or Neutrality, and (iv) Transferability, Fittingness. The research will be described clearly the procedures will be used to ensure that the data will be recorded accurately. The researcher will ensure that findings and the themes will be logical and reflective of the data. Credibility, dependability, conformability, and transferability will be maintained.CredibilityLincoln and Guba (1985) credibility presented such faithful descriptions or interpretations of a human experience that the people having that experience would immediately recogniz e it . . . (p. 30). Also when others can recognize the experience by reading about it. To confirm the credibility of the findings, the researcher will share the outcomes with women, who recognized the findings and conformed that they were true to their experiences and perception, this establishes the credibility. One technique to improve credibility is to give out sufficient time for data collection activities to gain an in-depth understanding of the individuals experience.Dependability/ Auditabilityit could be maintained when another researcher can clearly follow the decision trail used by the investigator. In addition, another researcher could arrive at the same or comparable but not contradictory conclusions given the researchers data, perspective, and situation.To provide dependability, the researcher applied and recorded the audit trial. Lincoln and Guba (1985), state, Conformability is termed as a process to provide the study records in order to maintain the objectivity and t o verify the quality and adequacy of the results and interpretation. (Lincoln Guba, 1985).In this study the audit trail and research plan will be shared with the thesis supervisor and to the committee members so that they would verify its dependability. Dependability relies on three factors and should be ensured by the researcher the sample size, the analysis approach, and the dissemination of the research result. The sample size will be sufficient for the research design as the researcher will achieved saturation, and the researcher plans to give out the study findings through publication of articles and presentations at the national and international level.Conformabilitywhen auditability, fittingness, and credibility have been established by an audit trail, conformability could be achieved. Audit trail consist of raw data, memos, communications, records of gestures, etc. the researcher applied an audit trail to meet these conditions by constructing and maintaining a record of un refined data, data reduction and reconstruction, synthesis products and serial analysis (Lincoln Guba, 1985).TransferabilityIt will be achieved when study findings fit into contexts outside the study situation and when the audience views the findings as meaningful and transferable to the rest of the potential users. Lincoln and Guba (1985) termed transferability as the way of presenting adequate data such that external conclusions may be made about the findings. These in-depth interviews, with rich descriptions about menopause experience depart the readers to decide about its transferability. Through rich and extensive description, the researcher will provide with in-depth information about the contexts, the data, and the participants.LimitationsLimitations of the study includes (I) the data collection plan is limited to three months only as it is a part of masters programme that may affect the quality of the study. (II) The researchers own experiences and opinion there is a chan ce of biasness. (III) The transferability of the study findings will be limited to Aswans population as each community has specific culture. (IV) Because of the culture and the topic some of the participant will not share full information about their experience.Finding Dissemination PlanResults will be presented to nurses and nurse leaders of Aswan Directors of Health. The researcher will give recommendations and will work with Aswan nurse and their leaders to achieve the recommendations. The study will be presented at national scientific conferences and seminars, as well as published in local and international journal.ReferencesAbdel-Fattah, M., Zaki, A., Bassili, A., El-Shazly, M., Tognoni, G. (2000). Breast self- examination practice and its impact on breast cancer diagnosis in Alexandria, Egypt. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 6(1), 34-40.Al Qattan, M. M., Al Saleh, K. A., AlMusallam, S. S., Masoud, G. M. (2008). Knowledge and factors affecting breast self examination am ong Kuwaiti women. Kuwait Medical Journal, 40 (2), 103-110.Alkhasawneh, I. M., Akhu-Zaheya, L. M

Secrets in Conjugal Relationships Essay -- Literary Analysis

Is it always a betrayal to talk about your husband with another man? What about girlfriends or astrologists? (Dormen). In modern society, peoples feelings and desires are limited by rules of law and exampleity, especially when they relate to marriage and conjugal relationships. In The Storm, Kate Chopin raised a moral issue of adultery between characters of the short novel-Calixta and Alcee. She discussed the questions based on the metaphor of storm and the lack of passion in Calixta and Bobinots marriage. Similarly, in A snorts House, Henrik Ibsen scrutinized an issue of a marriage lacking love. He depicted relationships between Nora and Torvald and showed how imperious attitude and misunderstandings ruined conjugal relationships eventually. Both stories are machine-accessible by a common problem of secrets that arose from misunderstandings between the spouses. They solved the problem of misunderstanding in different ways, depending on cultural and personal distinctions of the ch aracters. Therefore, the stories ended differently. Chopin reason that the adulterous act made positive short-term changes in the marriage depicted in The Storm. In contrast, Ibsen ended his play A Dolls House by stating that lack of understanding and communication led to the marriage collapse.In her short novel The Storm, Chopin explained how an extramarital affair between Calixta and Alcee became a part benefiting the marriage. Chopin ended the story with the words, So the storm passed, and everyone was happy (123). The story is interesting not only because of the conclusion that infidelity had a beneficial short-term resultant to the family relationships, but also by intricacies that resulted in the happy end. In the middle of the novel, Chopin utiliz... ...pt unrevealed because of her naivety, passionate and pure love to the husband, did not contain any execrable deeds or intentions. However, upon revealing the secret, the true attitude of the couple to each other uncovered and Nora preferred to live alone to life with the husband who called her a criminal and decided to part with her for a formal mistake that saved him love.Works CitedBartee, Johanna. The Storm More Than Just a Story. Virginia Wesleyan College , n. d. Web. 09 whitethorn 2012.Chopin, Kate. The Storm. Freewebs Com, n.d. Web. 09 May 2012.Goldman, Emma. The Social Significance of the Modern Drama. Berkeley. Edu, n.d. Web. 09 May 2012.Ibsen, Henrik. A Dolls House. Ed. Jim Manis. The Pennsylvania State University, 2010. Web. 09 May 2012.Dormen, Lesley. Secrets and Lies The Truth About Conjugal Discretion. Hearst Communications. 26 July 2010.

Essay --

e RushProfessor AmitaTopics in History Buddhism declination 16, 2013Finding Oneself in a Suffering Based WorldACADEMIC INTEGRITY PLEDGEOn my honor, I have neither received nor disposed any unauthorized assistance on this examination (assignment).___________Paije Rush_______Print Name ____________Paije Rush______Signature (Print Name again on e-submission)__________December 17, 2013________DateAll of our problems and suffering pop out from confused negatives states of mind and all happiness and good fortunes derive from peaceful and positive states of mind. In this origin, we have well-read about the Buddha, the Dharma, The Four Noble Truths, the provoke and effect of suffering in ones life. In this course I have learned to creatively and critically analyze literary materials learned finished the Buddhas insights from over 2,000 years ago. I was taught methods for gradually overcoming negative minds such as anger to develop minds with love compassion and wisdom, attributes that are obtained through experience.Topics in History of Buddhism has taught me that Buddhism is a religion of its own that you learn through practice and experience rather than a belief. This idea is a little involved for some to grasp. In our culture, religion is a better system and faith is ones way of accepting those beliefs. The Buddha has taught us to accept no teachings without interrogatory them. Instead of believing in teachings one should practice the teachings to realize the truth of them.In Buddhism there are three general levels of the communication. There is the enlightened level, the intelligent level, and the common level. Within these three levels enforces the learning and practicing of the Buddhas teachings. With le... ...ous life changes. They went from having extremely poor behavior to influencing others to be involved in such an inspirational journey.Overall, from this course I have obtained the notion that overcoming suffering truly depends on the person and t heir dedication to wanting to free themselves of suffering, pain, violence, and fear to live a liberated life. As long as we are enveloped in ignorance, ones thought of self, the world, and anything else is just a theory until proven to be true. One must grasp the idea that extinction of desire, Nirvana, and following the steps on the path to liberation is the ultimate goal of a suffer-free life. Once one can successfully discipline ones mind so that they are free from the delusion of I and the craving for the wrong type of pleasures, one can then watch out oneself for themselves and the have a clear understanding of reality.